查看“转移性胃癌”的源代码

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            <strong>[[转移性胃癌]]</strong>（<strong>[[Metastatic Gastric Cancer]]</strong>）是指起源于[[胃黏膜]]上皮的[[恶性肿瘤]]已发生远处[[器官]]（如[[肝]]、[[肺]]、[[骨]]）或远处[[淋巴结]]、[[腹膜]]的播散。由于[[胃癌]]早期症状具有隐匿性，约半数患者在初确诊时已处于[[晚期]]或[[转移性]]阶段。[[转移性胃癌]]的病理类型以<strong>[[腺癌]]</strong>为主，且表现出高度的[[异质性]]。目前的诊疗范式已从单纯的[[姑息性化疗]]演变为基于[[生物标志物]]（如<strong>[[HER2]]</strong>、<strong>[[PD-L1]]</strong>、<strong>[[CLDN18.2]]</strong>）的[[个体化]]精准治疗，旨在通过[[靶向治疗]]与[[免疫治疗]]的联合应用，改善患者的[[生存质量]]并延长[[生存期]]。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">[[转移性胃癌]]</div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px;">[[Metastatic Gastric Cancer]] · 点击展开详情</div>
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            <div style="padding: 25px; text-align: center; background-color: #f8fafc;">
                <div style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 8px; background: #fff; display: inline-block;">
                    <div style="width: 140px; height: 90px; background-color: #f1f5f9; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #94a3b8; font-size: 0.8em; padding: 10px; text-align: center;">[[胃癌]][[远处转移]]病理图示</div>
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                <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">[[ICD-10]]代码：C16.9</div>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 45%;">[[Entrez]]ID([[ERBB2]])</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">2064</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[HGNC]]ID([[ERBB2]])</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">3430</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[UniProt]]([[HER2]])</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">P04626</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">常见[[转移]]部位</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[肝]]、[[腹膜]]、[[肺]]</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[中位生存期]]</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #b91c1c;">12-18个月</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">主要[[标志物]]</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #1e40af;">[[HER2]]/[[PD-L1]]/[[MSI]]</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">发病机制：浸润、种植与血行播散</h2>
    
    <p style="margin: 15px 0; text-align: justify;">
        [[胃癌]]的[[远处转移]]是一个受多基因调控的复杂生物学过程，主要涉及以下路径：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[上皮-间质转化]]（EMT）：</strong>肿瘤细胞通过下调[[E-钙粘蛋白]]（[[E-cadherin]]）表达，获得更强的迁移和侵袭能力，从而脱离原发病灶进入[[循环系统]]。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[腹膜种植]]：</strong>胃癌细胞穿透[[胃壁]][[浆膜层]]后，脱落在[[腹膜腔]]内，形成种植转移灶。这是[[转移性胃癌]]最具特征性且治疗难度最大的转移方式之一。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[血管生成]]信号轴：</strong>通过高表达[[血管内皮生长因子]]（[[VEGF]]），肿瘤建立独立的血液供应系统，为其发生[[血行转移]]至[[肝脏]]或[[肺部]]创造条件。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[免疫微环境]]重塑：</strong>[[转移性]]病灶通常伴有[[髓源性抑制细胞]]（[[MDSC]]）的聚集和[[PD-L1]]的表达，导致[[肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞]]（[[TIL]]）功能耗竭，逃避[[免疫监视]]。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">临床治疗证据矩阵</h2>

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                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 25%;">治疗领域</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">代表性药物/方案</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af;">关键客观数据</th>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[HER2靶向]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[曲妥珠单抗]] / [[德曲妥珠单抗]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[ToGA]]研究证实联合化疗可将[[OS]]延长至13.8个月。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[PD-1免疫]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[纳武利尤单抗]] / [[帕博利珠单抗]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[CheckMate-649]]研究确立了免疫联合化疗作为一线标准。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[新靶点开发]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[佐妥昔单抗]] / [[维迪西妥单抗]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">针对[[CLDN18.2]]或[[HER2低表达]]的人群实现了突破性获益。</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">诊疗策略：多学科综合管理</h2>
    <p style="margin: 15px 0; text-align: justify;">
        [[转移性胃癌]]的治疗强调“[[生物标志物]]驱动”的[[全病程管理]]模式：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[基因分型]]优先：</strong>初诊患者应常规进行[[HER2]]、[[MMR]]/[[MSI]]及[[PD-L1]]检测。对于[[CLDN18.2]]高表达者，建议加入新型[[单抗]]治疗。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[姑息性化疗]]：</strong>常用的双药方案包括[[氟尿嘧啶]]类联合[[铂类]]药物。对于体能状态较好的患者，可考虑三药联合。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[局部转化]]评估：</strong>部分[[肝转移]]或孤立性[[腹膜转移]]患者在系统治疗缓解后，可经[[MDT]]评估是否行[[减瘤手术]]或[[放射治疗]]。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[营养]]与[[阵痛]]支持：</strong>针对[[胃流出道梗阻]]或[[癌性疼痛]]，应及早介入[[姑息医学]]团队，提升患者[[生命尊严]]。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">关键相关概念</h2>
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[HER2]]：</strong>胃癌最重要的治疗靶标之一，约15%-20%的患者表现为阳性。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[Claudin 18.2]]：</strong>胃腺癌中的新型靶标，是目前[[ADC]]和[[双抗]]研发的热点。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[MSI-H]]：</strong>高度[[微卫星不稳定]]，该亚群患者对[[PD-1抑制剂]]极其敏感。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[腹膜种植]]：</strong>胃癌晚期最常见的[[恶化]]形式，常伴有[[腹水]]产生。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span>
        
        <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">
            [1] <strong>Bang YJ, et al. (2010).</strong> <em>Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA).</em> <strong>[[The Lancet]]</strong>.[Academic Review]<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[权威点评]：开启了胃癌靶向治疗时代的基石性研究。</span>
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        <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">
            [2] <strong>Janjigian YY, et al. (2021).</strong> <em>First-line nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (CheckMate 649).</em> <strong>[[The Lancet]]</strong>.<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[临床价值]：确立了免疫治疗在胃癌一线治疗中的核心统治地位。</span>
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            [[转移性胃癌]] 诊疗生态 · 知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">驱动基因</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[ERBB2]]•[[CDH1]]•[[TP53]]•[[FGFR2]]•[[MET]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联药物</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[曲妥珠单抗]]•[[纳武利尤单抗]]•[[维迪西妥单抗]]•[[阿帕替尼]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">战略实体</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[CSCO]]•[[NCCN]]•[[ASCO]]•[[荣昌生物]]•[[百济神州]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">研究前沿</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[针对CLDN18.2的CAR-T疗法]]•[[液体活检监测耐药]]•[[ADC药物克服肿瘤异质性]]</td>
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