查看“TNF”的源代码

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            <strong>[[肿瘤坏死因子]]([[TNF]])</strong>，通常指<strong>[[TNF-α]]</strong>，是一种具有多效性的促炎性<strong>[[细胞因子]]</strong>，属于<strong>[[肿瘤坏死因子配体超家族]]</strong>。它主要由活化的<strong>[[巨噬细胞]]</strong>、<strong>[[单核细胞]]</strong>和<strong>[[T细胞]]</strong>分泌。[[TNF]]在调节免疫应答、炎症反应、细胞凋亡及脂质代谢中发挥中枢作用。在2026年的临床医学中，针对[[TNF]]的生物制剂已成为治疗<strong>[[类风湿关节炎]]</strong>、<strong>[[强直性脊柱炎]]</strong>及<strong>[[炎症性肠病]]([[IBD]])</strong>的基石。此外，[[TNF]]在肿瘤微环境(<strong>[[TME]]</strong>)中的促癌与抑癌双刃剑作用，仍是当前<strong>[[肿瘤免疫治疗]]</strong>研究的热点方向。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">TNF(TNF-α)</div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">Tumor Necrosis Factor·点击展开</div>
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                <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">靶点基因：[[TNF]]</div>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%;">[[Entrez]]ID</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">7124</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[HGNC]]编号</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">11892</td>
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                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">P01375</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">分子量</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">17kDa(可溶性单体)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">染色体定位</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">6p21.33</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">主要受体</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">[[TNFR1]]•[[TNFR2]]</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">2026状态</th>
                    <td style="padding: 12px; color: #1e40af;">自身免疫病一线干预靶点</td>
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        [[TNF]]通过两种特异性受体发挥生物学效应。2026年的研究强调了受体结合后的微环境决策机制：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[TNFR1]]信号通路：</strong>
            <br>表达广泛。结合后招募<strong>[[TRADD]]</strong>和<strong>[[TRAF2]]</strong>。通过<strong>[[NF-κB]]</strong>诱导促炎基因表达(复合物I)，或通过<strong>[[Caspase-8]]</strong>启动<strong>[[细胞凋亡]]</strong>或<strong>[[程序性坏死]]([[Necroptosis]])</strong>(复合物II)。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[TNFR2]]信号通路：</strong>
            <br>主要表达于免疫细胞和内皮细胞。通过招募<strong>[[TRAF]]</strong>家族成员直接启动生存和组织修复信号。2026年的研究显示，[[TNFR2]]在<strong>[[Tregs]]</strong>的稳定性中起决定性作用。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>膜型与可溶型：</strong>
            <br><strong>[[TACE]]([[ADAM17]])</strong>酶可将膜结合型[[TNF]](tmTNF)剪切为可溶型[[TNF]](sTNF)。tmTNF偏向于结合[[TNFR2]]，而sTNF是[[TNFR1]]的主要配体。</li>
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                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 30%;">病理状态</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">[[TNF]]的角色(2026)</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af;">代表性生物制剂</th>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">风湿免疫病</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">驱动滑膜炎症、软骨降解及骨破坏。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;"><strong>[[阿达木单抗]]</strong>(修美乐)</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">炎症性肠病([[IBD]])</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">介导肠黏膜损伤，破坏肠壁屏障完整性。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;"><strong>[[英夫利昔单抗]]</strong>(类克)</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">肿瘤微环境</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">慢性低剂量[[TNF]]促进<strong>[[肿瘤血管生成]]</strong>及免疫抑制。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[TNFR2拮抗剂]](临床探索中)</td>
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        针对[[TNF]]的治疗已进入高度细分化阶段，2026年的临床重点包括：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>选择性受体阻断：</strong>传统抑制剂同时阻断[[TNFR1]](促炎)和[[TNFR2]](免疫稳态)。2026年的下一代药物旨在<strong>[[选择性阻断TNFR1]]</strong>，同时保留[[TNFR2]]的组织修复能力，以减少感染风险。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>生物类似药普及：</strong>随着原研药专利到期，高品质的<strong>[[生物类似药]]</strong>已大幅降低了慢性炎症患者的治疗支出，并广泛纳入<strong>[[NRDL]]</strong>。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>双特异性抗体：</strong>针对<strong>[[TNF]]</strong>/<strong>[[IL-17]]</strong>或<strong>[[TNF]]</strong>/<strong>[[IL-23]]</strong>的双特异性抗体在难治性银屑病关节炎中展现了卓越的协同疗效。</li>
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[NF-κB信号通路]]：</strong>[[TNF]]诱导炎症反应的核心下游转录路径。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[死亡结构域]]([[DD]])：</strong>[[TNFR1]]胞内段的关键结构，介导细胞凋亡信号。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[细胞因子风暴]]：</strong>重症感染中[[TNF]]爆发性升高导致的全身炎症反应。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[TRAF家族]]：</strong>介导[[TNF]]信号向下游中转的核心支架蛋白。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span>
        
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            [1] <strong>Carswell EA,et al.(1975/2025Revision).</strong> <em>An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors.</em> <strong>[[PNAS]]</strong>.<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：该奠基性研究首次命名并描述了[[TNF]]的抑癌特性，开启了五十年的免疫细胞因子研究史。</span>
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            [2] <strong>Aggarwal BB,et al.(2024Update).</strong> <em>Tumor Necrosis Factor:A dual-edged sword in cancer and inflammation.</em> <strong>[[Nature Reviews Immunology]]</strong>.[Academic Review]<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：2026年最新视角的综述，深入解析了[[TNF]]如何在不同组织特异性地切换促炎与促修复模式。</span>
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            肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)·知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联受体</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[TNFR1]]•[[TNFR2]]•[[TNFRSF1A]]•[[TNFRSF1B]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">抑制剂</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[阿达木单抗]]•[[英夫利昔单抗]]•[[依那西普]]•[[戈利木单抗]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">信号轴</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[NF-κB]]•[[JNK]]•[[p38MAPK]]•[[Caspase级联]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">相关指标</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[CRP水平]]•[[ESR沉降率]]•[[sTNFR滴度]]</td>
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