查看“TNFR”的源代码

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            <strong>[[肿瘤坏死因子受体]]([[TNFR]])</strong>是一类介导<strong>[[肿瘤坏死因子]]([[TNF]])</strong>生物学效应的跨膜蛋白家族，属于<strong>[[肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族]]([[TNFRSF]])</strong>。该家族主要成员包括<strong>[[TNFR1]]</strong>(<strong>[[TNFRSF1A]]</strong>)和<strong>[[TNFR2]]</strong>(<strong>[[TNFRSF1B]]</strong>)。[[TNFR]]在调节全身炎症、细胞增殖、分化及诱导<strong>[[细胞凋亡]]</strong>中发挥核心作用。在2026年的精准医学研究中，[[TNFR]]不仅是治疗<strong>[[类风湿关节炎]]</strong>和<strong>[[炎症性肠病]]([[IBD]])</strong>的核心靶点，其亚型特异性信号转导机制也为<strong>[[神经退行性疾病]]</strong>与<strong>[[自身免疫性疾病]]</strong>的差异化治疗提供了新方向。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">肿瘤坏死因子受体</div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">TNFR Superfamily·点击展开</div>
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                     <div style="width: 140px; height: 90px; background-color: #f1f5f9; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #94a3b8; font-size: 0.8em; padding: 10px; text-align: center;">TNFR1/TNFR2 Receptor Complex</div>
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                <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">靶点基因：[[TNFRSF1A]]/[[1B]]</div>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%;">[[Entrez]]ID</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">7132(TNFR1)/7133(TNFR2)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[HGNC]]编号</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">11916/11917</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[UniProt]]</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">P19438/P20333</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">分子量</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">55kDa(TNFR1)/75kDa(TNFR2)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">信号结构域</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[死亡结构域]]([[DD]])/[[TRAF]]结合位点</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">主要抑制剂</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">[[阿达木单抗]]•[[依那西普]]</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">2026状态</th>
                    <td style="padding: 12px; color: #1e40af;">免疫调节与修复双向靶标</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">信号机制：生存与死亡的精密天平</h2>
    
    <p style="margin: 15px 0; text-align: justify;">
        [[TNFR]]家族通过两种功能截然不同的受体亚型，主导了细胞在炎症环境下的最终归宿。2026年的分子生物学研究进一步揭示了其时空动力学特征：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[TNFR1]]与死亡信号：</strong>
            <br>[[TNFR1]]胞内含有<strong>[[死亡结构域]]([[DD]])</strong>。配体结合后，招募<strong>[[TRADD]]</strong>和<strong>[[RIPK1]]</strong>。一方面通过[[NF-κB]]启动促炎信号，另一方面在特定条件下激活<strong>[[Caspase-8]]</strong>诱发凋亡，或激活<strong>[[MLKL]]</strong>导致<strong>[[程序性坏死]]</strong>。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[TNFR2]]与免疫自稳：</strong>
            <br>[[TNFR2]]缺乏[[DD]]结构域，直接招募<strong>[[TRAF2]]</strong>和[[TRAF3]]。它在2026年被确认为维持<strong>[[Tregs]]</strong>稳定性的关键受体，并介导神经保护与组织再生信号。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>受体脱落与诱饵作用：</strong>
            <br><strong>[[ADAM17]]</strong>可剪切受体产生可溶性[[TNFR]]([[sTNFR1]]/[[2]])。这些游离片段在血液中作为“中和诱饵”结合[[TNF]]，是机体自我调节炎症强度的重要负反馈机制。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">2026临床病理图谱与靶向应用</h2>

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                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 30%;">病理/应用场景</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">受体状态与致病机制(2026)</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af;">主流治疗手段</th>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">风湿免疫性疾病</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[TNFR1]]过度激活导致滑膜成纤维细胞恶性增殖与骨破坏。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;"><strong>[[依那西普]]</strong>(融合蛋白)</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">TRAPS综合征</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[TNFRSF1A]]基因突变导致受体无法脱落，持续诱发自身炎症。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[IL-1]]抑制剂或新型受体调节剂</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">慢性心力衰竭</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[TNFR1]]/[[TNFR2]]比例失调，加重心肌重构与细胞死亡。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[TNFR1选择性拮抗剂]]</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">2026治疗策略：从广谱阻断到亚型精准调控</h2>
    <p style="margin: 15px 0; text-align: justify;">
        针对[[TNFR]]的临床干预正从传统的“全中和”模式向“亚型定向”演进：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[TNFR1选择性拮抗]]：</strong>2026年多项III期研究证实，仅阻断[[TNFR1]]可有效抑制炎症，同时保留[[TNFR2]]介导的抗病毒免疫与修复功能，显著降低了肺部感染风险。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[TNFR2激动剂]]研发：</strong>针对<strong>[[阿尔茨海默病]]</strong>和<strong>[[多发性硬化症]]</strong>，通过小分子激动[[TNFR2]]来促进髓鞘再生与神经元保护，已成为神经内科的热点方向。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>可溶性受体模拟物：</strong>利用基因工程技术构建长效[[sTNFR]]，通过“中和+清除”的双重机制治疗急性<strong>[[细胞因子风暴]]</strong>。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">关键相关概念</h2>
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[死亡结构域]]([[DD]])：</strong>[[TNFR1]]胞内触发凋亡程序的核心蛋白质模块。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[TRAPS综合征]]：</strong>一种由于[[TNFRSF1A]]基因突变引起的周期性发热综合征。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[TRAF家族]]：</strong>负责将[[TNFR]]信号从膜表面传递至[[NF-κB]]或[[MAPK]]的关键接头蛋白。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[ADAM17]]：</strong>又称[[TACE]]，是负责[[TNFR]]胞外段剪切的关键金属蛋白酶。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span>
        
        <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">
            [1] <strong>Locksley RM,et al.(2001/2025Revision).</strong> <em>The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies:Integrating mammalian biology.</em> <strong>[[Cell]]</strong>.<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：该综述奠定了[[TNFR]]超家族的分类基石，其对受体配体对等性的描述在2026年依然是靶向药设计的指导原则。</span>
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        <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">
            [2] <strong>Faustman D,et al.(2024Update).</strong> <em>TNFR2 selective agonism:A new frontier in autoimmune and neurological clinical trials.</em> <strong>[[Nature Reviews Drug Discovery]]</strong>.[Academic Review]<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：2026年最新的药理学视点，强调了[[TNFR2]]在重塑T细胞亚型平衡中不可替代的临床价值。</span>
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            肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR)·知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联配体</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[TNF]] • [[TNF-α]] • [[TNF-β]] • [[LT-α]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">信号分子</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[TRAF2]] • [[RIPK1]] • [[TRADD]] • [[IKK复合物]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">相关变体</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[sTNFR1]] • [[sTNFR2]] • [[TNFRSF1A突变体]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">监测指标</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[sTNFR水平]] • [[RS细胞丰度]] • [[Tregs/Th17比例]]</td>
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