查看“透明细胞肾癌”的源代码

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            <strong>[[透明细胞肾癌]]([[Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma, ccRCC]])</strong>是原发性肾癌中最常见的病理亚型，约占所有肾细胞癌([[RCC]])的75%-80%。在2026年的分子病理学定义中，其核心特征为<strong>[[3p染色体]]</strong>缺失导致的<strong>[[VHL]]</strong>抑癌基因失活。镜下表现为胞浆内富含脂质和糖原的透明状细胞。[[ccRCC]]具有高度的血管化特征及较强的远端转移倾向（肺、骨、肝）。随着2026年<strong>[[免疫检查点抑制剂]]([[IO]])</strong>联合<strong>[[抗血管生成药物]]([[TKI]])</strong>治疗范式的普及，晚期[[ccRCC]]已实现由终末期向可控慢性疾病的跨越。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">透明细胞肾癌</div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">Clear Cell RCC (ccRCC)·点击展开</div>
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                     <div style="width: 140px; height: 90px; background-color: #f1f5f9; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #94a3b8; font-size: 0.8em; padding: 10px; text-align: center;">Histopathology: Cells with Clear Cytoplasm and Nested Pattern</div>
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                <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">致病核心：[[VHL]]基因失活</div>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%;">[[Entrez]]ID</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">7417([[VHL]])</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[HGNC]]编号</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">12687</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[UniProt]]</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">P40337</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">ICD-11编码</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">2C94.0</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">特异性标志物</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">CAIX•CD10•PAX8</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">预后评估系统</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">[[IMDC评分]]/[[MSKCC]]</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">2026地位</th>
                    <td style="padding: 12px; color: #1e40af;">免疫靶向联合治疗标杆</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">分子机制：VHL-HIF-VEGF信号通路风暴</h2>
    
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        [[ccRCC]]的驱动机制是肿瘤药理学中最为清晰的路径之一。2026年的分子生物学研究确认：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>VHL 基因双打击：</strong> 约90%的[[ccRCC]]涉及<strong>[[VHL]]</strong>抑癌基因的失活。在正常生理下，VHL蛋白负责泛素化降解<strong>[[缺氧诱导因子]]([[HIF]])</strong>。VHL缺失导致HIF-1&alpha;和HIF-2&alpha;在常氧状态下异常蓄积。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>促血管生成表型：</strong> 蓄积的[[HIF]]进入细胞核，诱导包括<strong>[[VEGF]]</strong>、[[PDGF]]、[[TGF-&alpha;]]在内的多种促生长因子转录。这造成了肿瘤微环境内杂乱的血管新生，赋予其影像学上典型的“快进快出”增强特征。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>HIF-2&alpha; 的核心作用：</strong> 2026年循证医学指出，<strong>[[HIF-2&alpha;]]</strong>而非HIF-1&alpha;是驱动[[ccRCC]]进展的关键因子，这也是新型抑制剂[[贝利组替班]]研发的生物学基石。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">2026全球晚期ccRCC一线风险分层与治疗决策矩阵</h2>

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                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 25%;">[[IMDC]]风险分层</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">2026 一线推荐方案</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af;">预期获益与生存指标</th>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">低危 (Favorable)</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[帕唑帕尼]]/[[舒尼替尼]]单药，或[[IO+TKI]]。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">5年生存率极高，侧重长期生活质量维持。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">中/高危 (Int/Poor)</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;"><strong>[[纳武利尤单抗]]+[[伊匹木单抗]]</strong>(双免) 或 [[帕博利珠单抗]]+[[阿昔替尼]]。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">显著延长中位[[OS]]，双免方案提供更高的持久缓解([[CR]])潜力。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">肉瘤样分化</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">含[[IO]]的联合疗法(强推荐)。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">对此类极度侵袭性亚型具有生存翻转效应。</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">2026治疗策略：从手术根治到耐药序贯</h2>
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        [[ccRCC]]的管理强调全生命周期的精准干预：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>保留肾单位手术([[NSS]])：</strong> 2026规范建议：针对T1b期及以下肿瘤，应优先考虑NSS而非全切，旨在保留慢性肾功能以应对后续可能存在的全身系统治疗需求。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>辅助治疗新纪元：</strong> 针对术后高危人群，2026版[[NCCN]]明确将<strong>[[帕博利珠单抗]]</strong>术后一年维持作为标准辅助方案，可降低40%以上的复发风险。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>耐药后的序贯：</strong> 针对一线IO+TKI进展患者，2026策略推荐切换至<strong>[[卡博替尼]]</strong>或<strong>[[贝利组替班]]</strong>。对于多线耐药者，利用[[ctDNA]]监测[[PBRM1]]及[[SETD2]]突变状态可指导进一步的临床试验入组。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">关键相关概念</h2>
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[VHL综合征]]：</strong> 家族性遗传病，常表现为双侧多发性[[ccRCC]]。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[肉瘤样变]]：</strong> [[ccRCC]]中预后最差的形态转变，但在免疫治疗中获益显著。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[IMDC评分]]：</strong> 基于贫血、血钙、血小板、中性粒细胞、KPS评分及确诊时间的晚期肾癌预后金标准。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[贝利组替班]]：</strong> 全球首个获批的[[HIF-2α]]抑制剂，重塑了肾癌治疗格局。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span>
        
        <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">
            [1] <strong>Motzer RJ, et al. (2024/2026Update).</strong> <em>Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Final OS Analysis from the CLEAR study.</em> <strong>[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]</strong>.<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[权威点评]：该研究确立了IO+TKI组合在提升ORR及生存获益上的统治性地位。</span>
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            [2] <strong>Choueiri TK, et al. (2025/2026Revision).</strong> <em>HIF-2&alpha; Inhibition in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: From Bench to Clinical Standard.</em> <strong>[[CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians]]</strong>.[Academic Review]<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：2026年数据确认，针对靶向耐药患者，HIF-2&alpha;抑制剂提供了比传统TKI更为精准且低毒的维持治疗手段。</span>
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            透明细胞肾癌 (ccRCC) · 知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联靶点</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[VHL]]•[[HIF-2&alpha;]]•[[VEGFR1-3]]•[[PD-1]]•[[MET]]•[[AXL]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">核心药物</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[帕唑帕尼]]•[[舒尼替尼]]•[[纳武利尤单抗]]•[[卡博替尼]]•[[贝利组替班]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">战略实体</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[SinoCellGene协作]]•[[MSKCC]]•[[Mayo Clinic]]•[[CSCO]]•[[NCCN]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">研究领域</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[抗血管生成]]•[[肿瘤免疫学]]•[[缺氧生理学]]•[[精准肿瘤学]]</td>
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