讨论:鲫鱼

鯽魚-糖尿病

--Liao200707 2014年1月10日 (五) 12:41 (CST)

留言： 台湾学术研究单位：中山医学大学　国科会 中山医学大学经实验证实，鲫鱼与天然药用植物山药，地黄，枸杞提取物能延缓糖尿病胰岛β细胞的恶化，经4周，8周，16周的观察发现，鲫鱼提取物有效提升体内抗氧化环境，使血糖下降情形有增多趋势，有助于稳定血糖。试验观察中更发现，鲫鱼水萃物有效改善糖尿病并发症发生。

给鲫鱼条目的留言

--Liao200707 2014年1月14日 (二) 15:24 (CST)

留言： 2014年1月8日SCI国际医学期刊Hindawi发表了中山医学大学采用鲫鱼复方在治疗糖尿病的创新成果 Research Article Antidiabetic Effects of Carassius auratus Complex Formula in High Fat Diet Combined Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice 1.Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan 2.School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien Kuo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan 3.Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien Kuo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan 4.School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien Kuo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan

Received 24 October 2013; Accepted 13 December 2013; Published 8 January 2014

Academic Editor: Bor-Show Tzang

Copyright © 2014 Zhi-Hong Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract Carassius auratus complex formula, including Carassius auratus, Rhizoma dioscoreae, Lycium chinense, and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, is a combination prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, which has always been used to treat diabetes mellitus in ancient China. In this study, we provided experimental evidence for the use of Carassius auratus complex formula in the treatment of high fat diet combined streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced type 2 diabetes. Carassius auratus complex formula aqueous extract was prepared and the effects of it on blood glucose, serum insulin, adipose tissue weight, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), total cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels in mice were measured. Moreover, adiponectin, TG synthesis related gene expressions, and the inhibitory effect of aldose reductase (AR) were performed to evaluate its antidiabetic effects. After the 8-week treatment, blood glucose, insulin levels, and adipose tissue weight were significantly decreased. OGTT and HOMA-IR index showed improved glucose tolerance. It could also lower plasma TG, TC, and liver TG levels. Furthermore, Carassius auratus complex formula could inhibit the activity of AR and restore adiponectin expression in serum. Based on these findings, it is suggested that Carassius auratus complex formula possesses potent anti-diabetic effects on high fat diet combined STZ-induced diabetic mice.

1.Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which affects people worldwide. By the year 2030, diabetes mellitus is estimated up to about 5% of the world’s population (i.e., 366 million people) [1]. More than 90% of diabetic patients account for type 2 diabetes [2]. The characteristic of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Therefore, a newer strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is to reduce insulin resistance in peripheral tissue and control of blood glucose level.

Adiponectin and resistin are two kinds of adipose tissue releasing signals with different functions on the control of insulin sensitivity. Previous studies on adiponectin strongly suggest that lower adiponectin levels play an important role in the development of insulin resistance and metabolism disorder related diseases (such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis) [3–5]. Moreover, more evidence suggests a role of resistin in the etiology of both insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus [6, 7].

Long-term elevated glucose level in the blood likely leads to a variety of diabetic complications such as neuropathy [8], nephropathy [9], and retinopathy [10]. These are partly caused by an increase of oxidative stress. Furthermore, activation of the polyol pathway via the enzyme aldose reductase (AR), which showed an increased activity during hyperglycemia [11], is responsible for diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy [12, 13]. Thus, AR may act as an important therapeutic target in the control of diabetes [14].

In addition, positive net energy balance, resulting from more energy intake and inefficient action of insulin on peripheral tissues, leads to an accumulation of triglyceride in many tissues. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol from diacylglycerol and fatty acyl-CoA. Moreover, the triglyceride content in the tissues was suggested to be closely correlated to the insulin resistance [15].

Current antidiabetic drugs usually have adverse side effects and ineffectiveness against some long-term diabetic complications [16]. Therefore, discovery and development of novel agents for diabetes are still needed. Plants are recognized as a wonderful source for medicines. It is estimated that 1200 species of plants are used as folk medicines for diabetes [17]. Various pharmacological researches of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have clearly demonstrated their biological properties in the treatment of diabetes, such as antihyperglycemia [18], antioxidantive [19], inhibitory activity of AR [20]. Carassius auratus complex formula is a combination prescription of four ingredients including Carassius auratus, Rhizoma dioscoreae, Lycium chinense and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. In previous study, results showed that Rhizoma dioscoreae, Lycium chinene and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch have potent anti-diabetes effects separately [21–23]. In ancient China, Carassius auratus complex formula has always been used in folk medicine to treat diabetes, but it still lacks of scientific evidence of its clinical applications.

Therefore, antidiabetic effects of Carassius auratus complex formula in high fat diet combined STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice have been investigated in the present study. All of these results could enhance our understanding regarding the applications of Carassius auratus complex formula toward diabetes.

Discussion It has well been known that type 2 diabetes is a multiorgan disease characterized by impaired insulin sensitivity and altered lipid metabolism and storage [31]. The most common signs seen in diabetes are hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and TG accumulation in liver and adipose tissue. It is suggested by some previous studies that excess amount of TG accumulation in adipose tissue leads to obesity, and moreover ectopic storage of TG in nonadipose tissue such as liver is associated with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance [32, 33]. In the present study, our results showed that treatment of diabetic mice with Carassius auratus complex formula reduced insulin resistance as indicated by OGTT and HOMA-IR index and normalized lipid storages in liver and adipose tissue. In addition, we have also observed that serum TG and TC levels were significantly reduced after 8-week treatment, indicating that Carassius auratus complex formula could improve glucose homeostasis and restore abnormal lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes.

As shown in Table 1, the Carassius auratus complex formula is mainly composed of crucian carp, a fish, which may help to act as a good source of protein. Data from an ecologic study suggest that fish intake may play a role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes [34], which is also supported by an animal experiment showing a favorable effect of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which are abundant in fish, on insulin resistance [35]. Recent study has indicated that high fish intake was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men [36]. In the present study, our results showed that crucian carp possesses antidiabetic effects and could restore the protein expression of adiponectin, one kind of adipose tissue releasing signals with its function in the control of insulin sensitivity. Together with Rhizoma dioscoreae, Lycium chinene, and Rehmannia glutinosa libosch in formula, it might improve the nutrition status under diabetes condition. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that Rhizoma dioscoreae, Lycium chinene, and Rehmannia glutinosa libosch, respectively, possess anti-insulin resistance, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities [21–23]. The evidence cooperatively demonstrated that antidiabetic effects of this formula may be performed by these various components.

Although biosynthesis of TG is essential for normal life physiology, excess amount of TG accumulation results in obesity. The most common type of lipid abnormalities in diabetes is triglycerides accumulation in liver and adipose tissue, and thus it increases insulin resistance. In our study, we showed the phenomenon of reduced DGAT genes expressions in liver and adipose tissue after treatment in mice. This could be a strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

In previous study, McTernan et al. [37] found that the gene expression of resistin was upregulated in men who had abdominal obesity, indicating that visceral fat deposition is well association with resistin expression and insulin resistance [38]. In our results, we have observed that Carassius auratus complex formula treatment significantly downregulated resistin expression in parallel with decreased abdominal adiposity and reduced insulin resistance.

Some evidence revealed that adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific protein, which plays an important role in energy and glucose metabolism [39], and its reduced circulating level is linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes [40]. Moreover, Yamauchi et al. [41] suggested that adiponectin could rescue insulin resistance via reducing TG contents in liver and skeletal muscles. In accordance with these studies, our results demonstrated that treatment of diabetic mice with Carassius auratus complex formula improves the insulin resistance and glucose intolerance via restoring and/or enhancing the circulating level of adiponectin.

Hyperglycemia is frequently found in type 2 diabetes and is often viewed as a risk factor for diabetic complications [42]. Diabetic patients with chronic hyperglycemia lead to an increase in the activity of AR from 3% to 30% and finally complications happen [43, 44]. In this study, treatment of Carassius auratus complex formula suppressed the increase of AR compared to diabetic group, as a meanwhile decreasing fructosamine level. The fructosamine is an index of intermediate glucose control (one to three weeks) and valuable screening test for diabetes mellitus [45, 46]. Moreover, long-term hyperglycemia results in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [47]. In this study, treatment of Carassius auratus complex formula reduced serum, liver, and kidney MDA levels, supporting a beneficial effect for type 2 diabetes management.

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